Source code for sharpy.aero.models.aerogrid

"""Aerogrid

Aerogrid contains all the necessary routines to generate an aerodynamic
grid based on the input dictionaries.
"""
import ctypes as ct
import warnings

import numpy as np
import scipy.interpolate

import sharpy.utils.algebra as algebra
import sharpy.utils.cout_utils as cout
from sharpy.utils.datastructures import AeroTimeStepInfo
import sharpy.utils.generator_interface as gen_interface


[docs]class Aerogrid(object): """ ``Aerogrid`` is the main object containing information of the grid of panels It is created by the solver :class:`sharpy.solvers.aerogridloader.AerogridLoader` """ def __init__(self): self.aero_dict = None self.beam = None self.aero_settings = None self.timestep_info = [] self.ini_info = None self.surface_distribution = None self.surface_m = None self.aero_dimensions = None self.aero_dimensions_star = None self.airfoil_db = dict() self.struct2aero_mapping = None self.aero2struct_mapping = [] self.n_node = 0 self.n_elem = 0 self.n_surf = 0 self.n_aero_node = 0 self.n_control_surfaces = 0 self.cs_generators = [] self.polars = None self.wake_shape_generator = None def generate(self, aero_dict, beam, aero_settings, ts): self.aero_dict = aero_dict self.beam = beam self.aero_settings = aero_settings # number of total nodes (structural + aero&struc) self.n_node = len(aero_dict['aero_node']) # number of elements self.n_elem = len(aero_dict['surface_distribution']) # surface distribution self.surface_distribution = aero_dict['surface_distribution'] # number of surfaces temp = set(aero_dict['surface_distribution']) self.n_surf = sum(1 for i in temp if i >= 0) # number of chordwise panels self.surface_m = aero_dict['surface_m'] # number of aero nodes self.n_aero_node = sum(aero_dict['aero_node']) # get N per surface self.calculate_dimensions() # write grid info to screen self.output_info() # allocating initial grid storage self.ini_info = AeroTimeStepInfo(self.aero_dimensions, self.aero_dimensions_star) # load airfoils db # for i_node in range(self.n_node): for i_elem in range(self.n_elem): for i_local_node in range(self.beam.num_node_elem): try: self.airfoil_db[self.aero_dict['airfoil_distribution'][i_elem, i_local_node]] except KeyError: airfoil_coords = self.aero_dict['airfoils'][str(self.aero_dict['airfoil_distribution'][i_elem, i_local_node])] self.airfoil_db[self.aero_dict['airfoil_distribution'][i_elem, i_local_node]] = ( scipy.interpolate.interp1d(airfoil_coords[:, 0], airfoil_coords[:, 1], kind='quadratic', copy=False, fill_value='extrapolate', assume_sorted=True)) try: self.n_control_surfaces = np.sum(np.unique(self.aero_dict['control_surface']) >= 0) except KeyError: pass # Backward compatibility: check whether control surface deflection settings have been specified. If not, create # section with empty list, such that no cs generator is appended try: aero_settings['control_surface_deflection'] except KeyError: aero_settings.update({'control_surface_deflection': ['']*self.n_control_surfaces}) # pad ctrl surfaces dict with empty strings if not defined if len(aero_settings['control_surface_deflection']) != self.n_control_surfaces: undef_ctrl_sfcs = ['']*(self.n_control_surfaces - len(aero_settings['control_surface_deflection'])) aero_settings['control_surface_deflection'].extend(undef_ctrl_sfcs) # initialise generators with_error_initialising_cs = False for i_cs in range(self.n_control_surfaces): if aero_settings['control_surface_deflection'][i_cs] == '': self.cs_generators.append(None) else: cout.cout_wrap('Initialising Control Surface {:g} generator'.format(i_cs), 1) # check that the control surface is not static if self.aero_dict['control_surface_type'][i_cs] == 0: raise TypeError('Control surface {:g} is defined as static but there is a control surface generator' 'associated with it'.format(i_cs)) generator_type = gen_interface.generator_from_string( aero_settings['control_surface_deflection'][i_cs]) self.cs_generators.append(generator_type()) try: self.cs_generators[i_cs].initialise( aero_settings['control_surface_deflection_generator_settings'][str(i_cs)]) except KeyError: with_error_initialising_cs = True cout.cout_wrap('Error, unable to locate a settings dictionary for control surface ' '{:g}'.format(i_cs), 4) if with_error_initialising_cs: raise KeyError('Unable to locate settings for at least one control surface.') self.add_timestep() self.generate_mapping() self.generate_zeta(self.beam, self.aero_settings, ts) if 'polars' in aero_dict: import sharpy.aero.utils.airfoilpolars as ap self.polars = [] nairfoils = np.amax(self.aero_dict['airfoil_distribution']) + 1 for iairfoil in range(nairfoils): new_polar = ap.Polar() new_polar.initialise(aero_dict['polars'][str(iairfoil)]) self.polars.append(new_polar) def output_info(self): cout.cout_wrap('The aerodynamic grid contains %u surfaces' % self.n_surf, 1) for i_surf in range(self.n_surf): cout.cout_wrap(' Surface %u, M=%u, N=%u' % (i_surf, self.aero_dimensions[i_surf, 0], self.aero_dimensions[i_surf, 1]), 1) cout.cout_wrap(' Wake %u, M=%u, N=%u' % (i_surf, self.aero_dimensions_star[i_surf, 0], self.aero_dimensions_star[i_surf, 1])) cout.cout_wrap(' In total: %u bound panels' % (sum(self.aero_dimensions[:, 0]* self.aero_dimensions[:, 1]))) cout.cout_wrap(' In total: %u wake panels' % (sum(self.aero_dimensions_star[:, 0]* self.aero_dimensions_star[:, 1]))) cout.cout_wrap(' Total number of panels = %u' % (sum(self.aero_dimensions[:, 0]* self.aero_dimensions[:, 1]) + sum(self.aero_dimensions_star[:, 0]* self.aero_dimensions_star[:, 1]))) def calculate_dimensions(self): self.aero_dimensions = np.zeros((self.n_surf, 2), dtype=int) for i in range(self.n_surf): # adding M values self.aero_dimensions[i, 0] = self.surface_m[i] # count N values (actually, the count result # will be N+1) nodes_in_surface = [] for i_surf in range(self.n_surf): nodes_in_surface.append([]) for i_elem in range(self.beam.num_elem): nodes = self.beam.elements[i_elem].global_connectivities i_surf = self.aero_dict['surface_distribution'][i_elem] if i_surf < 0: continue for i_global_node in nodes: if i_global_node in nodes_in_surface[i_surf]: continue else: nodes_in_surface[i_surf].append(i_global_node) if self.aero_dict['aero_node'][i_global_node]: self.aero_dimensions[i_surf, 1] += 1 # accounting for N+1 nodes -> N panels self.aero_dimensions[:, 1] -= 1 self.aero_dimensions_star = self.aero_dimensions.copy() for i_surf in range(self.n_surf): self.aero_dimensions_star[i_surf, 0] = self.aero_settings['mstar'] def add_timestep(self): try: self.timestep_info.append(self.timestep_info[-1].copy()) except IndexError: self.timestep_info.append(self.ini_info.copy()) def generate_zeta_timestep_info(self, structure_tstep, aero_tstep, beam, aero_settings, it=None, dt=None): if it is None: it = len(beam.timestep_info) - 1 global_node_in_surface = [] for i_surf in range(self.n_surf): global_node_in_surface.append([]) # check that we have control surface information try: self.aero_dict['control_surface'] with_control_surfaces = True except KeyError: with_control_surfaces = False # check that we have sweep information try: self.aero_dict['sweep'] except KeyError: self.aero_dict['sweep'] = np.zeros_like(self.aero_dict['twist']) # one surface per element for i_elem in range(self.n_elem): i_surf = self.aero_dict['surface_distribution'][i_elem] # check if we have to generate a surface here if i_surf == -1: continue for i_local_node in range(len(self.beam.elements[i_elem].global_connectivities)): i_global_node = self.beam.elements[i_elem].global_connectivities[i_local_node] # i_global_node = self.beam.elements[i_elem].global_connectivities[ # self.beam.elements[i_elem].ordering[i_local_node]] if not self.aero_dict['aero_node'][i_global_node]: continue if i_global_node in global_node_in_surface[i_surf]: continue else: global_node_in_surface[i_surf].append(i_global_node) # master_elem, master_elem_node = beam.master[i_elem, i_local_node, :] # if master_elem < 0: # master_elem = i_elem # master_elem_node = i_local_node # find the i_surf and i_n data from the mapping i_n = -1 ii_surf = -1 for i in range(len(self.struct2aero_mapping[i_global_node])): i_n = self.struct2aero_mapping[i_global_node][i]['i_n'] ii_surf = self.struct2aero_mapping[i_global_node][i]['i_surf'] if ii_surf == i_surf: break # make sure it found it if i_n == -1 or ii_surf == -1: raise AssertionError('Error 12958: Something failed with the mapping in aerogrid.py. Check/report!') # control surface implementation control_surface_info = None if with_control_surfaces: # 1) check that this node and elem have a control surface if self.aero_dict['control_surface'][i_elem, i_local_node] >= 0: i_control_surface = self.aero_dict['control_surface'][i_elem, i_local_node] # 2) type of control surface + write info control_surface_info = dict() if self.aero_dict['control_surface_type'][i_control_surface] == 0: control_surface_info['type'] = 'static' control_surface_info['deflection'] = self.aero_dict['control_surface_deflection'][i_control_surface] control_surface_info['chord'] = self.aero_dict['control_surface_chord'][i_control_surface] try: control_surface_info['hinge_coords'] = self.aero_dict['control_surface_hinge_coords'][i_control_surface] except KeyError: control_surface_info['hinge_coords'] = None elif self.aero_dict['control_surface_type'][i_control_surface] == 1: control_surface_info['type'] = 'dynamic' control_surface_info['chord'] = self.aero_dict['control_surface_chord'][i_control_surface] try: control_surface_info['hinge_coords'] = self.aero_dict['control_surface_hinge_coords'][i_control_surface] except KeyError: control_surface_info['hinge_coords'] = None params = {'it': it} control_surface_info['deflection'], control_surface_info['deflection_dot'] = \ self.cs_generators[i_control_surface](params) elif self.aero_dict['control_surface_type'][i_control_surface] == 2: control_surface_info['type'] = 'controlled' try: old_deflection = self.data.aero.timestep_info[-1].control_surface_deflection[i_control_surface] except AttributeError: try: old_deflection = aero_tstep.control_surface_deflection[i_control_surface] except IndexError: old_deflection = self.aero_dict['control_surface_deflection'][i_control_surface] try: control_surface_info['deflection'] = aero_tstep.control_surface_deflection[i_control_surface] except IndexError: control_surface_info['deflection'] = self.aero_dict['control_surface_deflection'][i_control_surface] if dt is not None: control_surface_info['deflection_dot'] = ( (control_surface_info['deflection'] - old_deflection)/dt) else: control_surface_info['deflection_dot'] = 0.0 control_surface_info['chord'] = self.aero_dict['control_surface_chord'][i_control_surface] try: control_surface_info['hinge_coords'] = self.aero_dict['control_surface_hinge_coords'][i_control_surface] except KeyError: control_surface_info['hinge_coords'] = None else: raise NotImplementedError(str(self.aero_dict['control_surface_type'][i_control_surface]) + ' control surfaces are not yet implemented') node_info = dict() node_info['i_node'] = i_global_node node_info['i_local_node'] = i_local_node node_info['chord'] = self.aero_dict['chord'][i_elem, i_local_node] node_info['eaxis'] = self.aero_dict['elastic_axis'][i_elem, i_local_node] node_info['twist'] = self.aero_dict['twist'][i_elem, i_local_node] node_info['sweep'] = self.aero_dict['sweep'][i_elem, i_local_node] node_info['M'] = self.aero_dimensions[i_surf, 0] node_info['M_distribution'] = self.aero_dict['m_distribution'].decode('ascii') node_info['airfoil'] = self.aero_dict['airfoil_distribution'][i_elem, i_local_node] node_info['control_surface'] = control_surface_info node_info['beam_coord'] = structure_tstep.pos[i_global_node, :] node_info['pos_dot'] = structure_tstep.pos_dot[i_global_node, :] node_info['beam_psi'] = structure_tstep.psi[i_elem, i_local_node, :] node_info['psi_dot'] = structure_tstep.psi_dot[i_elem, i_local_node, :] node_info['for_delta'] = beam.frame_of_reference_delta[i_elem, i_local_node, :] node_info['elem'] = beam.elements[i_elem] node_info['for_pos'] = structure_tstep.for_pos node_info['cga'] = structure_tstep.cga() if node_info['M_distribution'].lower() == 'user_defined': ielem_in_surf = i_elem - np.sum(self.surface_distribution < i_surf) node_info['user_defined_m_distribution'] = self.aero_dict['user_defined_m_distribution'][str(i_surf)][:, ielem_in_surf, i_local_node] (aero_tstep.zeta[i_surf][:, :, i_n], aero_tstep.zeta_dot[i_surf][:, :, i_n]) = ( generate_strip(node_info, self.airfoil_db, aero_settings['aligned_grid'], orientation_in=aero_settings['freestream_dir'], calculate_zeta_dot=True)) def generate_zeta(self, beam, aero_settings, ts=-1, beam_ts=-1): self.generate_zeta_timestep_info(beam.timestep_info[beam_ts], self.timestep_info[ts], beam, aero_settings) def generate_mapping(self): self.struct2aero_mapping = [[]]*self.n_node surf_n_counter = np.zeros((self.n_surf,), dtype=int) nodes_in_surface = [] for i_surf in range(self.n_surf): nodes_in_surface.append([]) for i_elem in range(self.n_elem): i_surf = self.aero_dict['surface_distribution'][i_elem] if i_surf == -1: continue for i_global_node in self.beam.elements[i_elem].reordered_global_connectivities: if not self.aero_dict['aero_node'][i_global_node]: continue if i_global_node in nodes_in_surface[i_surf]: continue else: nodes_in_surface[i_surf].append(i_global_node) surf_n_counter[i_surf] += 1 try: self.struct2aero_mapping[i_global_node][0] except IndexError: self.struct2aero_mapping[i_global_node] = [] i_n = surf_n_counter[i_surf] - 1 self.struct2aero_mapping[i_global_node].append({'i_surf': i_surf, 'i_n': i_n}) nodes_in_surface = [] for i_surf in range(self.n_surf): nodes_in_surface.append([]) for i_surf in range(self.n_surf): self.aero2struct_mapping.append([-1]*(surf_n_counter[i_surf])) for i_elem in range(self.n_elem): for i_global_node in self.beam.elements[i_elem].global_connectivities: for i in range(len(self.struct2aero_mapping[i_global_node])): try: i_surf = self.struct2aero_mapping[i_global_node][i]['i_surf'] i_n = self.struct2aero_mapping[i_global_node][i]['i_n'] if i_global_node in nodes_in_surface[i_surf]: continue else: nodes_in_surface[i_surf].append(i_global_node) except KeyError: continue self.aero2struct_mapping[i_surf][i_n] = i_global_node def update_orientation(self, quat, ts=-1): rot = algebra.quat2rotation(quat) self.timestep_info[ts].update_orientation(rot.T)
[docs] @staticmethod def compute_gamma_dot(dt, tstep, previous_tsteps): r""" Computes the temporal derivative of circulation (gamma) using finite differences. It will use a first order approximation for the first evaluation (when ``len(previous_tsteps) == 1``), and then second order ones. .. math:: \left.\frac{d\Gamma}{dt}\right|^n \approx \lim_{\Delta t \rightarrow 0}\frac{\Gamma^n-\Gamma^{n-1}}{\Delta t} For the second time step and onwards, the following second order approximation is used: .. math:: \left.\frac{d\Gamma}{dt}\right|^n \approx \lim_{\Delta t \rightarrow 0}\frac{3\Gamma^n -4\Gamma^{n-1}+\Gamma^{n-2}}{2\Delta t} Args: dt (float): delta time for the finite differences tstep (AeroTimeStepInfo): tstep at time n (current) previous_tsteps (list(AeroTimeStepInfo)): previous tstep structure in order: ``[n-N,..., n-2, n-1]`` Returns: float: first derivative of circulation with respect to time See Also: .. py:class:: sharpy.utils.datastructures.AeroTimeStepInfo """ # Check whether the iteration is part of FSI (ie the input is a k-step) or whether it is an only aerodynamic # simulation part_of_fsi = True try: if tstep is previous_tsteps[-1]: part_of_fsi = False except IndexError: for i_surf in range(tstep.n_surf): tstep.gamma_dot[i_surf].fill(0.0) return if len(previous_tsteps) == 0: for i_surf in range(tstep.n_surf): tstep.gamma_dot[i_surf].fill(0.0) # elif len(previous_tsteps) == 1: # # first order # # f'(n) = (f(n) - f(n - 1))/dx # for i_surf in range(tstep.n_surf): # tstep.gamma_dot[i_surf] = (tstep.gamma[i_surf] - previous_tsteps[-1].gamma[i_surf])/dt # else: # # second order # for i_surf in range(tstep.n_surf): # if (not np.isfinite(tstep.gamma[i_surf]).any()) or \ # (not np.isfinite(previous_tsteps[-1].gamma[i_surf]).any()) or \ # (not np.isfinite(previous_tsteps[-2].gamma[i_surf]).any()): # raise ArithmeticError('NaN found in gamma') # if part_of_fsi: # tstep.gamma_dot[i_surf] = (3.0*tstep.gamma[i_surf] # - 4.0*previous_tsteps[-1].gamma[i_surf] # + previous_tsteps[-2].gamma[i_surf])/(2.0*dt) # else: # tstep.gamma_dot[i_surf] = (3.0*tstep.gamma[i_surf] # - 4.0*previous_tsteps[-2].gamma[i_surf] # + previous_tsteps[-3].gamma[i_surf])/(2.0*dt) if part_of_fsi: for i_surf in range(tstep.n_surf): tstep.gamma_dot[i_surf] = (tstep.gamma[i_surf] - previous_tsteps[-1].gamma[i_surf])/dt else: for i_surf in range(tstep.n_surf): tstep.gamma_dot[i_surf] = (tstep.gamma[i_surf] - previous_tsteps[-2].gamma[i_surf])/dt
def generate_strip(node_info, airfoil_db, aligned_grid, orientation_in=np.array([1, 0, 0]), calculate_zeta_dot = False): """ Returns a strip of panels in ``A`` frame of reference, it has to be then rotated to simulate angles of attack, etc """ strip_coordinates_a_frame = np.zeros((3, node_info['M'] + 1), dtype=ct.c_double) strip_coordinates_b_frame = np.zeros((3, node_info['M'] + 1), dtype=ct.c_double) zeta_dot_a_frame = np.zeros((3, node_info['M'] + 1), dtype=ct.c_double) # airfoil coordinates # we are going to store everything in the x-z plane of the b # FoR, so that the transformation Cab rotates everything in place. if node_info['M_distribution'] == 'uniform': strip_coordinates_b_frame[1, :] = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, node_info['M'] + 1) elif node_info['M_distribution'] == '1-cos': domain = np.linspace(0, 1.0, node_info['M'] + 1) strip_coordinates_b_frame[1, :] = 0.5*(1.0 - np.cos(domain*np.pi)) elif node_info['M_distribution'].lower() == 'user_defined': # strip_coordinates_b_frame[1, :-1] = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0 - node_info['last_panel_length'], node_info['M']) # strip_coordinates_b_frame[1,-1] = 1. strip_coordinates_b_frame[1,:] = node_info['user_defined_m_distribution'] else: raise NotImplemented('M_distribution is ' + node_info['M_distribution'] + ' and it is not yet supported') strip_coordinates_b_frame[2, :] = airfoil_db[node_info['airfoil']]( strip_coordinates_b_frame[1, :]) # elastic axis correction for i_M in range(node_info['M'] + 1): strip_coordinates_b_frame[1, i_M] -= node_info['eaxis'] # chord_line_b_frame = strip_coordinates_b_frame[:, -1] - strip_coordinates_b_frame[:, 0] cs_velocity = np.zeros_like(strip_coordinates_b_frame) # control surface deflection if node_info['control_surface'] is not None: b_frame_hinge_coords = strip_coordinates_b_frame[:, node_info['M'] - node_info['control_surface']['chord']] # support for different hinge location for fully articulated control surfaces if node_info['control_surface']['hinge_coords'] is not None: # make sure the hinge coordinates are only applied when M == cs_chord if not node_info['M'] - node_info['control_surface']['chord'] == 0: node_info['control_surface']['hinge_coords'] = None else: b_frame_hinge_coords = node_info['control_surface']['hinge_coords'] for i_M in range(node_info['M'] - node_info['control_surface']['chord'], node_info['M'] + 1): relative_coords = strip_coordinates_b_frame[:, i_M] - b_frame_hinge_coords # rotate the control surface relative_coords = np.dot(algebra.rotation3d_x(-node_info['control_surface']['deflection']), relative_coords) # deflection velocity try: cs_velocity[:, i_M] += np.cross(np.array([-node_info['control_surface']['deflection_dot'], 0.0, 0.0]), relative_coords) except KeyError: pass # restore coordinates relative_coords += b_frame_hinge_coords # substitute with new coordinates strip_coordinates_b_frame[:, i_M] = relative_coords # chord scaling strip_coordinates_b_frame *= node_info['chord'] # twist transformation (rotation around x_b axis) if np.abs(node_info['twist']) > 1e-6: Ctwist = algebra.rotation3d_x(node_info['twist']) else: Ctwist = np.eye(3) # Cab transformation Cab = algebra.crv2rotation(node_info['beam_psi']) rot_angle = algebra.angle_between_vectors_sign(orientation_in, Cab[:, 1], Cab[:, 2]) if np.sign(np.dot(orientation_in, Cab[:, 1])) >= 0: rot_angle += 0.0 else: rot_angle += -2*np.pi Crot = algebra.rotation3d_z(-rot_angle) c_sweep = np.eye(3) if np.abs(node_info['sweep']) > 1e-6: c_sweep = algebra.rotation3d_z(node_info['sweep']) # transformation from beam to beam prime (with sweep and twist) for i_M in range(node_info['M'] + 1): strip_coordinates_b_frame[:, i_M] = np.dot(c_sweep, np.dot(Crot, np.dot(Ctwist, strip_coordinates_b_frame[:, i_M]))) strip_coordinates_a_frame[:, i_M] = np.dot(Cab, strip_coordinates_b_frame[:, i_M]) cs_velocity[:, i_M] = np.dot(Cab, cs_velocity[:, i_M]) # zeta_dot if calculate_zeta_dot: # velocity due to pos_dot for i_M in range(node_info['M'] + 1): zeta_dot_a_frame[:, i_M] += node_info['pos_dot'] # velocity due to psi_dot omega_a = algebra.crv_dot2omega(node_info['beam_psi'], node_info['psi_dot']) for i_M in range(node_info['M'] + 1): zeta_dot_a_frame[:, i_M] += ( np.dot(algebra.skew(omega_a), strip_coordinates_a_frame[:, i_M])) # control surface deflection velocity contribution try: if node_info['control_surface'] is not None: node_info['control_surface']['deflection_dot'] for i_M in range(node_info['M'] + 1): zeta_dot_a_frame[:, i_M] += cs_velocity[:, i_M] except KeyError: pass else: zeta_dot_a_frame = np.zeros((3, node_info['M'] + 1), dtype=ct.c_double) # add node coords for i_M in range(node_info['M'] + 1): strip_coordinates_a_frame[:, i_M] += node_info['beam_coord'] # add quarter-chord disp delta_c = (strip_coordinates_a_frame[:, -1] - strip_coordinates_a_frame[:, 0])/node_info['M'] if node_info['M_distribution'] == 'uniform': for i_M in range(node_info['M'] + 1): strip_coordinates_a_frame[:, i_M] += 0.25*delta_c else: warnings.warn("No quarter chord disp of grid for non-uniform grid distributions implemented", UserWarning) # rotation from a to g for i_M in range(node_info['M'] + 1): strip_coordinates_a_frame[:, i_M] = np.dot(node_info['cga'], strip_coordinates_a_frame[:, i_M]) zeta_dot_a_frame[:, i_M] = np.dot(node_info['cga'], zeta_dot_a_frame[:, i_M]) return strip_coordinates_a_frame, zeta_dot_a_frame